. [Propranolol](https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/propranolol-01) May prevent post-surgical cancer cell metastasis. >The expression of GzmB in the CD8+ T-cell population was significantly increased in propranolol-treated subjects. Together, these data show propranolol simultaneously activating autologous CD8+ T cells and decreasing the expression of p-AKT/p-ERK/p-MEK in mouse tumor models, while inhibiting the expression of p-ERK in clinical colorectal cancer. >Source: [Propranolol Suppresses the Growth of Colorectal Cancer Through Simultaneously Activating Autologous CD8+ T Cells and Inhibiting Tumor AKT/MAPK Pathway - Wiley Online Library](https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpt.1894) >Patients with propranolol treatment exhibited significantly lower risks of cancers in head and neck (HR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.35-0.95), esophagus (HR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.13-0.96), stomach (HR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.30-0.98), colon (HR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.49-0.93), and prostate cancers (HR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.33-0.83). The protective effect of propranolol for head and neck, stomach, colon, and prostate cancers was most substantial when exposure duration exceeded 1000 days. >Source: [Propranolol Reduces Cancer Risk - PMC](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4504645/)